Light
We have all marveled at the spectrum of color produced by a prism or a rainbow. We have all turned on light bulbs which produced every color imaginable. Even scientists still wonder what light really is, but so far it has defied understanding. Is it a particle, like Newton and quantum mechanics envisioned, or is- it an electromagnetic wave as theorized by Maxwell?
Quantum Mechanics Viewpoint
The theory of quantum mechanics was first developed by Max Planck in 1900. Later contributors included Albert Einstein. Planck was trying to find what the energy distribution of light emitted from a heated object was. He concluded from his experiments that the energy emitted could only be radiated in bundles of energy which he called quantums (Einstein later called these bundles photons). Planck calculated that these quantums of energy all had the same energy level (h=6.626 x 10-27 erg. sec.) times the fre-
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quency of radiation. Planck’s conclusion was that solid matter can only radiate quantums of energy in the form of light.
Einstein added to Planck’s conclusion by trying to explain the photoelectric effect. This is when electrons are produced from a metal when light strikes it. It was found through experimentation that the intensity of light has little to do with the velocity of the electrons “produced,” rather it was in direct proportion to the frequency of the light. It was found that the electrons “freed” had a constant velocity. Einstein theorized that each element had a given number of electrons. The electrons were held in place by magnetic forces. When light, with sufficient energy levels, strikes the element, the energy overcomes the attractive forces holding the electrons to the atom. If there is any excess energy left over, it is imparted to the electron as kinetic energy. The quantity of energy needed to release an electron varies from element to element. The surface electrons receive the greatest amount of energy; therefore, they have the greatest amount of kinetic energy. Less energy is necessary to overcome the binding force on the surface of the metal than in its interior. In summary, Einstein-Planck’s theory considers light as particles called photons, each photon having a certain amount of energy depending on its frequency (color). The momentum of each photon is equal to Planck’s constant times the frequency, divided by the speed of light (h f/c).
The quantum theory is not considered perfect because it cannot explain the phenomenon of interference lines and defraction spectrum formed by a prism. Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light was able to explain those phenomena but could not explain the photoelectric effect.
Multidimensional Reality Explanation
As far as we can see, this theory is the only one that can logically explain all the observable phenomena of light. The first and most important question to be asked is what is light? The answer is simple when analyzed using our theory. Light is the demodulated information of an element passing us at the speed of approximately 3 x 108 meters/sec. The reason it travels at this “speed” is because the head device is passing over the information that makes up the elements at that particular speed. The information is in turn trans-
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mitted and modulated into our dimensional existence at the rate of approximately 3 x 108 meters/sec. This is how light is produced. First let’s consider a stable element like sodium. When no potential is added to sodium, it gives off no light. The sodium atom has its own group of frequencies that make it up. These frequencies include a carrier wave frequency, several frequencies that make up the physical information of sodium, and some clocking and synchronizing frequencies. This could amount to ten or more frequencies bundled together. Let’s say these frequencies normally modulate at 1,500 GHz (1,500,000,000,000 cycles per sec.); as potential is added, the sodium frequencies start to produce higher harmonics of its information (Figures 4.1 and 4.2). Each series of frequencies is produced by additional potential. In other words, series six needs six times more potential than series one. This is not to say that the potential follows a linear relationship. We use this example merely to simplify the explanation. The power function might very well follow an exponential function. When enough potential is added and these higher harmonic frequencies are produced in the visible light spectrum, we see the sodium as incoherent light (white light). We are able to separate this incoherent light into its unique spectral lines (frequencies). The device used to separate the incoherent light is called a prism, and the phenomenon is called dispersion.
Figure 4.1 The light spectral line series’s of sodium
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Figure 4.2 Higher harmonic frequencies of a element
The Phenomena of a Prism
Aprism can be made of any clear hard material. When light is passed through the prism at an angle to the surface, (Figure 4.3) the incoherent light is immediately divided into separate color (frequency) lines. This is called dispersion. Each element in the universe has its own unique spectral frequency lines. Another phenomenon happens at this time. The speed of light slows down when it enters the prism. In fact, light slows down when it passes through anything denser than a vacuum. This velocity-decrease is directly related to the refractive index of the materials of which the prism is made. Denser elements have higher refractive indexes than do less dense elements (Figure 4.4). The phenomena of defraction, dispersion, and the decrease in velocity are directly related. The traditional explanation for dispersion is that short wave lengths are bent more than longer wave lengths of light. This means that the violet colors are bent more than the red colors. The problem is that scientists never explain what is so unique about the wave lengths. The next important point to remember is that as the wave length becomes smaller, the potential of the frequency increases.
The reason why the light bends and dispersion appears is the most difficult concept to be explained in this book, but our’s is the only theory that can explain it logically.
First you must realize that the white incoherent light you direct toward the prism represents the information of one or more elements. We now refer you back to the tape analogy. When you raise the potential of an element high enough (in the light spectrum
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Figure 4.3 Two examples of dispersion
and above), you have actually caused some of the information of that element not to exist (demodulate) in this time and space. We see it as light. That bit of information is no longer in this dimension. It is back in the first dimension as a small domain of information on the tape. Its velocity on the tape is zero, whereas the velocity of our information being modulated is 3 x 108 meters/sec. To us it appears that the light is traveling faster, but in reality it is stopped; we are the ones that are moving faster on the tape. The reason why the light bends (refraction) in a prism is exactly the same reason why it bends and appears to slow down while passing through a strong gravitational field. The gravitational field is really
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Example of refraction. A is the angle of incidence, B is the angle of refraction. Angle B is different for each element used.
Figure 4.4 Diagram showing refraction and reflection
strong concentrations of information going to a planet or a star. Usually this gravitational field is not as strong as the modulated information of a prism, as exemplified by its shape in this dimension. Also, a gravitational field does not have an immediate effect on the light beam but rather its force follows the inverse square law. The result is that the light beam gradually curves in, toward the modulation point of the gravitational field (see Figure 4.5).
When the light beam enters the prism, it’s immediately bent and changes velocity. This is much different from the effect in a strong gravitational field because the light is not just passing through concentrations of information but is literally passing through the domains of information of the prism in the diehold. The reason why the velocity changes is because the modulation velocity of the prism is at 3 x 108 meters/sec., and the modulation velocity of the light is 0. The result is that the information of the light increases its velocity slightly by being “pushed” or affected by the much denser information of the prism. Once the light beam passes through the domains of information of the prism, the light resumes its zero velocity. To us in this dimension, the light appears to speed up. The immediate dispersion of the light when it enters the prism is due to the different energy levels of the frequencies of the light,
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the violet and ultraviolet colors, possessing much more potential than the infrared or red colors. The analogy for the bending and the potential is exactly like the example of the effects on measuring rods and clocks as described in Chapter 3. (Figure 4.6) As mentioned in that chapter, the energy necessary to accelerate an object is equivalent to saying that the object has that much more potential. An equivalent statement can be made for an ultraviolet domain of information (color). It possesses a great deal more potential than the infrared, so you can look at it as possessing a greater mass, which is the result of a greater amount of information than the infrared end of the spectrum. If it possesses a greater mass and gravitational field, then it will be more attracted to the domains of the prism. This is why the violet light is bent in more toward the prism than the red light. This analogy holds equally true for much lower levels of wave form energies, like microwave. Using Figure 4.3, the microwave information would pass straight through the prism more or less undeflected by the information of the prism.
Figure 4.5 Diagram of a light beam passing a gravitational source
Electromagnetic Properties of Light
Traditional Theory-The electromagnetic theory of light was first introduced by James C. Maxwell. He theorized that light was like transverse waves, similar to the lower frequency, electromagnetic waves (Figure 4.7). The electrostatic field vector (E) and the magnetic field vector (H) that make up the wave are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of the wave. The E and H waves are said to oscillate in phase. That means that E and H both reach maximum value at the same time.
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Figure 4.6 A visualization of dispersion in the diehold
E = electrostatic field vector
H = magnetic field vector
The
diagrams show that E and H are pulsing in phase with each other.
Figure 4.7 “Traditional” diagram of the electromagnetic waves of light
Multidimensional Reality Explanation
We agree with Maxwell’s concept of light being an electromagnetic wave except for one point. The idea that the E and H wave pulsate
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in phase is incorrect because it goes against all observations in electronics, from the back electromotive force in a coil, to the fact that a current lags the magnetic field by 90’ out of phase. To look at it logically, (Figure 4.8) the magnetic information must be present before the information of the electrostatic field. We perceive these oscillations as happening simultaneously only because the frequency at which it is oscillating is too rapid for our detection.
Figure 4.8 MDR diagram of the electromagnetic waves of light
Polarization of Light
Incoherent light can be polarized if it is passed through perpendicular to the surface of a crystal. The two parts of the information for the crystal are lined up perpendicular to themselves (Figure 4.9). The crystal is said to be vertically polarized if the magnetic information is lined up horizontally. The light will pass along only the same plane of direction as the electrical field. The electrical field is 90’ out of phase from the magnetic information. As the randomly polarized light strikes the surface of the crystal, any light waves that are not vertically polarized will be absorbed by the magnetic information of the crystal.
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Figure 4.9 Polarization of light
In conclusion, the other directional wave lengths are cancelled out because their signals are being grounded out.
Interference Lines
This phenomenon occurs when an incoherent light is passed through a very narrow slit. The interference lines appear as light and dark fringes of light near the edges. The traditional theory explains this phenomenon by saying that half of the light wave is being distorted.
Multidimensional Reality Explanation
The reason the interference lines appear when they pass near the edge of any object is because, as mentioned in Chapter 3, at the edge of any surface is where the maximum modulation area is to be found; therefore, the greatest amounts of surface potential will be located along this plane. As light passes through this plane, or modulation zone, the light is bent in the same manner as the effects previously mentioned in prisms.
Ultraviolet Light
The human eye can only detect light waves between 7,600 angstrom units (A) on the red end of the spectrum to about 3,130 A at the ultraviolet end. The most fascinating part of the light spectrum is the ultraviolet end. The visible light rays cover only a small
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portion of the light spectrum (2-fold of wave lengths), but the ultraviolet spectrum covers 100-fold in wave lengths. (1-p4) This part of the light spectrum represents a greater amount of energy than any other part of the spectrum below it.
Fluorescence
Fluorescence is the phenomenon of a substance giving off a particular color (frequency) when it is exposed to a higher frequency color. The glowing stops when the exposure to the higher frequency light stops. There is no traditional explanation for this phenomenon. Some of the elements and minerals that will exhibit fluorescence are fluorite, some diamonds, rubies, and calcite. Each element will give off its own distinct color frequency.
Multidimensional Reality Explanation
Fluorescence can be produced in three different ways. One is by low-frequency electric discharge, the second by heat from the infrared spectrum or from the higher, more energetic frequencies of ultraviolet light. The first and second methods will produce the effect but will take much longer compared to the ultraviolet light. When ultraviolet light strikes a fluorescent material, it instantly glows. The reason for this effect is that the ultraviolet has so much potential along a broad band of frequencies that some of those frequencies are bound to be higher energy level harmonic frequencies of the element. The result is that the information of the element is immediately raised to the visible light spectrum.
Phosphorescence
Phosphorescence is like fluorescence except that the illumination of light continues after the higher wave length light is turned off. This illumination could continue for a considerable time after. In addition to ultraviolet light causing this effect, x-ray radiation can also produce it. Some of the elements that phosphoresce are some diamonds (carbon), willemite, kunzite, phosphorus, and radium.
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The reason these and other elements phosphor is that the higher frequency harmonics of the element are being raised across its spectral frequencies. None of its ultraviolet spectral lines are being missed. The result is that the information for the element at lower frequencies is also having its potential raised simultaneously. Since the ultraviolet light possesses a tremendous amount of potential, much of this potential is transferred to the frequencies of the element. The effect is similar to a capacitor. After the capacitor has been charged up, it will gradually release its energy. The light emitted by the element is always of lower frequency (color) than the ultraviolet light, which is usually invisible. The light we see represents the strong light spectral lines of that element. Since the element gives off no heat due to being exposed to ultraviolet light, it seems possible that the increased potential of the element is actually happening in the first dimension and not in this dimension at all. We merely see the results of the increase in potential by observing light in this dimension.
The Light Spectrum and Iron
As mentioned in the chapter on magnetism, iron is the only element in the universe that can be magnetized. Our theory is that the iron element must be very close or a first harmonic of the carrier wave frequency of all information. This hypothesis holds if one examines the light spectral lines of iron. Iron has the second greatest number of light spectral lines (4,612). (2) The only element that has more spectral lines is cerium with 5,739, but there is a big difference between these two elements. Iron has a total of 275 strong spectral lines. These are lines whose light intensity (measured on a scale from one to 1,000) measures over 200. Cerium has only five such strong light spectral lines. We theorize that many of the spectral lines we associate with iron are really the spectral lines of the carrier wave. If we examine the strong spectral lines of the next most numerous elements, such as cobalt and nickel, we find that many of those element’s spectral lines are found no more than 1 A away from a spectral line of iron. The same observation holds true for many other elements, especially ones whose crystal shapes are also octahedron. We do not believe it is mere coincedence that iron has more than twice the
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number of strong spectral lines than most of the other elements. If some of these spectral lines are in fact frequency representations of various carrier waves, then we could say that this is why iron seems to have enough spectral lines to represent two elements.
Laser Holograms
As mentioned in the introduction to this book, there is a strong possibility that many of man’s inventions (such as television, tape recorders, radios, etc.) may be mirror images of the technology which makes up his own existence. This would mean that many of man’s inventions are excellent clues and analogies to his own existence. One of the best clues to dramatically prove our theory of existence is man’s invention of the hologram. A hologram is a three-dimensional image produced by coherent light. The object observed appears to have three-dimensional qualities. In fact, some advanced laser holograms produce images that make it impossible to tell the difference between the image and the actual object.
As an example, Figure 4.10 is a patent by William C. Jakes, Jr. (Patent No. 3,566,021). The patent is for a real time, three-dimensional television system. Other laser television systems have been patented, we merely use this one as an example to show the parallel similarities between our own existence, as theorized by us, and the image created by a hologram television.
“This disclosure relates to a television system that utilizes wave front reconstruction techniques to provide a real time three-dimensional image at the receiving end of the system, with the image changing in perspective as the object and/or observer moves. The coherent light from a laser is first modulated at a frequency in the microwave range and one sideband of the coherent light is filtered out and used to illuminate an object scene. The light reflected from the object scene impinges on a photodetector while a narrow reference beam of coherent light raster scans the photodetector to thereby generate a signal which is modulated in phase and amplitude in accordance with the interference pattern formed on the photodetector. The signal carrying the modulated phase and amplitude information is then transmitted to a remote receiver. At the received end, the phase and amplitude modulated information is recovered and stored, a frame at a time, in respective storage devices. At the end of a complete frame the stored infor-
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Figure 4.10 Diagram of a laser holographic TV
mation is read out and respectively applied to an array of phase and amplitude optical modulators. Also, at the end of a complete frame received information, a second laser at the receiver is pulsed with the light therefrom directed toward said array. In this manner, an image of the original object is obtained at the receiver. The described operation is continued a frame at a time.” (3-pl68)
There are direct analogies between this type of invention and our own existence. In Figure 4.10 Object 15 could be analogized as being the information in the diehold. Items 13 and 23 can be considered the tapehead. In this invention it is actually the two parts of the laser beam directed at the object that pick up the information that makes up the image of the object. The microwave oscillator (Item 18) and the optical modulator (Item 16) can be considered the carrier wave and synchronizing frequencies which we have been talking about. This information is directed to Items 25 and 26, which converts the light information to electromag-
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netic waves. This is similar to what we define as being the second dimension or the transmission dimension. Items 32 and 34 are the phase detector and frequency modulator for the vertical lines of information of the image. Items 31 and 33 are the amplitude detector and frequency modulator of the horizontal information. In our existence there are no physical phase or amplitude detectors in this dimension. The diehold somehow uses the phase angles and potentials from its eight different transmitting sides in such a manner that the signal modulates itself into existence. Item 30 can be considered a continuation of the carrier wave frequencies.
It is within man’s grasp to have a computer produce the images that we see without the necessity of photographing any object. This would be even closer to the way of our own existence. Sometimes an analogy is so obvious and so simple that it is difficult to comprehend its application to man’s own existence. Maybe this is a result of man’s fear of knowing the truth of his own existence.
REFERENCES
1. Koller, L. R., “Ultraviolet Radiation” (London, John Wiley & Sons, 1952).
2. Zaidel, A. N., Prokof’ev, Raiskii, S. M., “Tables of Spectrum Lines” (London, Pergamon Press, 1961).
3. Kallard, T. (ed.), “Holography, State of the Art Review, 1971-72” (N.Y., Optosonic Press, 1972).
Bibliography
Abell, G. O., Exploration of the Universe (N.Y., Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1975).
Ahrens, L. H., Wavelength Tables of Sensitive Lines (Mass., AddisonWesley Press, 1951).
Bauer, M., Precious Stones, vol. 1 (London, Charles Griffin & Co., 1904).
Carhey, W. T., Optical Information Processing & Holography (N.Y., John Wiley & Sons, 1974).
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Dana, J. D., A Textbook of Mineralogy, 4th ed. (N.Y., John Wiley & Sons, 1932).
Di, R. W., The New Encyclopeadia Britannica, vol. 10, pp. 928-49 (Chicago, Helen Hemingway Benton, Publ., 1976).
Kock, W. E., Sound Waves and Light Waves (N.Y., Anchor Books, 1965).
Pearse, R., Gaydon, A., The Identification of Molecular Spectra (N.Y., John Wiley & Sons, 1941).
Plank, Max, Introduction to Theoretical Physics -Theory of Light (London, Mac Millan & Co., 1932).
Ripley, J. A., Jr. The Elements and Structure of the Physical Science (N.Y., John Wiley & Sons, 1965).
Thompson, H. W., A Course in Chemical Spectroscopy (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1938).
White, H. E., Introduction to Atomic Spectra (N.Y., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1934).
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The Atom
Over 2,000 years ago the Greek philosophers used the word atom to describe the smallest bit of matter. They taught that the atom was indivisible, the most perfect particle of matter.
In the 20th century, scientists believe they have proved the atom has an internal structure and is not indivisible. They believe they have discovered that the atom is made up of many stable and unstable particles, some of which have internal structure. We will attempt to show that the Greeks may have been more correct than our present-day scientists give them credit for. Even though we have all types of measuring devices and other sophisticated equipment today, all the ancient Greeks had was a scientific philosophy they had received from the Egyptians; and who knows for sure how and from whom the Egyptians received it.
Almost all the important basic theories of physics were written before 1 91 5. It is unimportant whether we feel these theories were right or wrong. What is important is that they were thought out and developed before this date. There has been very little in the way of revolutionary breakthroughs of thought in physics since this date. There are a few exceptions, as in the fields of astronomy
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and geophysics. The only correlation with 1915 is the development of sophisticated testing equipment. Before 1915, electronics was in its infancy. Testing and measuring equipment was gross compared to what was to be developed from the 1920’s through to the present day. What seems to have happened after about 1915 is that scientists began to rely more and more on the results of their equipment. They didn’t do very much reasoning about what they were observing from their equipment. They were more and more relying on the artificial senses of their sophisticated equipment and less and less on their minds. Many scientists have forgotten that their intelligence is the best tool they have. Many PhD’s in physics today have become nothing more than highly skilled technicians of the few pieces of equipment they use. Their whole existence is centered around a cyclotron, electron microscope, etc. They usually can’t relate and apply an observation from their field of physics to another field of physics. They have become too specialized. They can see the tree in front of them, but they don’t see the forest. People have forgotten that everything in the universe is related to one idea, and the purpose of science was to discover this single idea, not to be buried in a pile of useless, unrelated information produced by all types of sophisticated electronic instrumentation.
However, in the fields of astronomy and geophysics, there have been advances. The astronomer has only two main tools: the telescope and the radio telescope. Since he is not actually able to travel to the far distant stars, black holes, and planets, he must instead theorize the conditions on those celectial bodies. He must rely more on his inductive reasoning power than on any of his equipment. The same can be said for the geophysicist, since he has not been able to explore the interior of the earth. He must rely on new theories to try to explain the movements of the continents, the earth’s magnetic field, and the heat source at the center of the earth.
Particles or Waves?
The first insights as to how the atom worked were glimpsed by using radioactive elements such as radium and uranium. When these elements decay, they gave off alpha, beta, and gamma ray
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particles.” These particles were later found to be the fundamental parts of the atom. The alpha rays were found to be a helium nucleus (protons), the beta rays were electrons, and the gamma rays were associated with X-rays, but of a shorter wave length. The gamma rays were electromagnetic forms of radiation which were undeflected by magnetic or electrostatic fields. It was found that the alpha particles could be used very effectively to probe the structure of the atom. This was because its mass was 8,000 times greater than an electron. (2-p402) The problem was finding a way to accelerate them fast enough to produce enough potential to “split” the atom. The answer was finally found by using the radio-active element, polonium. The alpha particles emitted from this element had a velocity of 10,000 miles per second (1.6 x 107 meters/second). This was the fastest speed available before the invention of the cyclotron. Scientists had theorized that the atom had an internal structure. They hoped to prove their theory by striking the nucleus of an atom with an alpha particle to see if the atom would break up.
In 1910 cosmic rays were found to be highly penetrating particles that could also be used to bombard atoms. Scientists were able to show that cosmic rays originated in deep space-many seemed to come from our own sun. They found that these rays consisted of “hard” and “soft” components. The soft particles could be stopped by four inches of lead, whereas the hard particles needed 80 inches. (1-p2l5-16) It was also discovered that cosmic rays were very energetic protons usually possessing a potential greater than 500 MeV. Some solar eruptions cause potentials in excess of 1020 MeV. (1-p2l6) These discoveries all confirmed what Nikola Tesla theorized in the early 1890s but for which he received no credit. Scientists use a device called a “bubble chamber” to detect the cosmic ray trails striking other atoms. A bubble chamber is a partially evacuated chamber containing ionized particles. When an ionized cosmic ray particle passes through the chamber, the ionized particle forms small vapor bubbles through the emulsion, thereby leaving a “track” of the path where the cosmic ray passed.
A scientist by the name of Louis de Broglie was working on a theory in 1924 to explain the wave-like properties of matter. He wanted to try to explain the wave-like and quantum (particle) characteristics of light. He felt that since light waves appeared to
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have particle-like characteristics, it might be possible that electrons (assumed to be particles) also had wave-like characteristics. He felt that these wave properties were undetectable because the wave length of their frequencies was so short that our instruments could not detect them. He deduced that the short wave lengths (high frequency) do not bend or defract as easily as the long wave lengths (lower frequency). Short wave-length particles which travel in straight lines wouldn’t spread out after hitting other particles, they would be reflected from other particles as a bullet is reflected when it strikes a hard surface. He concluded that electrons would exhibit these properties as well as X-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays. This means that their wave lengths were even shorter than ultraviolet light. He concluded that since their wave length was so much shorter than light, they would not exhibit the phenomena of diffraction, dispersion, and interference lines. It was also naturally assumed that an electron had a certain given mass. De Broglie was further encouraged that his theory was correct by the diffraction pattern formed by X-rays passing through a crystal. The diffraction patterns did not look like the patterns formed by light, but scientists used this as adequate evidence that the X-rays had a higher frequency than light. From the work done by de Broglie, scientists extended the electromagnetic spectrum (Figure 5.1) to include X-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays above the ultraviolet light waves and in that order.
Multidimensional Reality Explanation
What is the real nature of these alpha, beta, gamma, and cosmic rays. Are they particles, or are they wave forms; and what is their real frequency? This is to determine their actual placement on the electromagnetic spectrum.
Since great numbers of atoms collectively have mass and can be seen in this dimension, it is logical to say that the primary part of the atom, the proton, has a mass and exists in this dimension. As mentioned earlier, the alpha particle and the cosmic rays are mostly made up of protons; so we can conclude that they are in this dimension and have a given mass. In other words, each is a particle. Let us now consider the beta rays or electrons. Scientists do know that the beta particles do not exist in the nucleus of the atom but
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GAMMA RAYS
X-RAYS
ULTRAVIOLET
VISIBLE LIGHT
Figure 5.1 The traditional electromagnetic spectrum
rather are created at the surface at the instant of emission. As mentioned in Chapter 3, we theorize that the electron is actually a small domain of potential in the first dimension. We will explain how an electron is created later in the chapter, but for now we will say that the electron is not really in this dimension and, therefore, has no mass, only potential. It can affect mass in this dimension by adding potential to an atom. If an electron does possess a great deal of potential for its size, it could behave like a particle bouncing around between the atoms or be accelerated to great velocities. Eventually the electron will be grounded by an atom. The main factor which seems to determine whether an electron will be grounded by an atom or reflected from it is the frequencies of each atom. If the frequency of the atom is similar to the frequency of the electron-be it a first, second, or third harmonic-this will determine the extent to which the electron will be absorbed by the atom. Atoms which “absorb” electrons can be considered conductors. Atoms whose frequencies are dissimilar from the frequencies of the electrons will not absorb the electrons as well, and would act as an insulator.
X-rays are formed when streams of electrons strike atoms. The X-rays seem to have particle-like characteristics. When two streams of X-rays are directed at each other at a certain angle, these particles will deflect from each other. This is totally unlike light which will have virtually no affect on another beam of light. This seems to indicate that unlike light, X-ray particles are at least partially in this dimension. Scientists use diffracted beams of X-rays passing through a crystal as evidence that X-rays are just like light and that they possess more energy and are therefore of a higher frequency than light. There is one very big problem with this idea: the diffraction pattern formed by X-rays is totally different from dispersion or refraction of light through a crystal. As illustrated in Figure 5.2, this photograph of a diffraction pattern of a copper crystal shows that the X-rays are being deflected 360’ around their point of impact. This tends to prove only one thing: that the X-rays seem to leave particle-like tracks on the photographic plate; they are not like light nor do they have the velocity of light. These X-ray diffractions also indicate something very interesting about the atoms. They seem to indicate that they have geometrical shapes and are not really round spheres, as envisioned by the Bohr model of the atom. You will also notice in Figure 5.3 that the
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Kossel
lines from copper crystal stimulated by X-rays.
Plate
parallel to [1001 (Bormann)
Figure 5.2 Photo of X-ray detraction of a cube crystal
diffraction pattern is exactly like a stereographic projection of a cubic crystal used by crystalographers to describe the shapes and angles of crystals.
The last is gamma rays. These rays are also given off by decaying radioactive elements. They are defined as being the same as X-rays, except they have a shorter wave length; in other words, they possess a higher potential. It is further theorized that these gamma rays are emitted in quantums of energy called photons. This description is also used to describe light; but as discussed in the previous chapter, light is not a particle nor should it be considered like quantums of energy, as envisioned in quantum mechanics. Since these gamma rays do not travel at the speed of light nor do they behave like light, they are not truly light.
Going back to the electromagnetic spectrum, you will notice that by using de Broglie’s wave theory, scientists concluded that the X-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays were of shorter wave
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A. Stereographic Projection of Isometric
Forms (Cube (100), Octahedron (1 1 1), Dodecahedron (1 1 0), Tetrahexahedron
(21 0), Trisoctahedron (221), Trapezohedron (21 1), Hexoctahedron (321))
B. Spherical Projection (after Penfield)
Figure 5.3 Stereographic projection of a cube crystal
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C. Relation between Spherical and
Stereographic Projections
Figure 5.3 (continued)
lengths than light. We believe this is quite wrong; logically they belong below the infrared light spectrum.
This is why: according to de Broglie’s theory, an electron has a mass; our theory is that the electron has no mass. One of the first formulas used by de Broglie is momentum = mass x velocity (P=mv). This formula comes from classical mechanics. It works well for things that are in this dimension; but when things are on the hairy edge of our dimension, these formulas just do not work. The next formula in de Broglie’s theory is the calculation for wave
length = h/mv : h = 6.6 x 10-34 joules/sec. Planck’s constant. From
mv
this formula, as you can see, if M is 0, the equation means nothing. According to our theory of existence, Planck’s hypothesis of quantums of energy seems highly doubtful. Also since it is basic to his theory that only matter could emit quantums of energy, it seems possible that the value of Planck’s constant may be wrong. De Broglie’s final formula is
wave length n/Ö 2Vem e = the charge of an electron
m = mass of an electron in klgms
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Vis equal to the potential difference measured in voltage. As you can see by his formula, as the voltage increases, the wave length of the particle becomes extremely small. Since Planck’s constant (6.6 x 10-34 joules/sec) is such a small number in the numerator, no matter what voltage is in the denominator, it is still going to be a wave length smaller than visible light. But considering the fact that m (mass) in the formula is 0, the equation comes out to 0. In other words, a mathematical formula was created on several premises which we believe to be wrong; they were designed to produce the desired results. Whether the results fit reality and observations seems to be irrelevant to what has been taught. We get very suspicious when we see formulas or constants such as E = mc2, which will produce a large value no matter what number is plugged in; or a number like Planck’s constant, which is so incredibly small that it cannot be accurately measured.
From the above discussion, you can see that they have not really calculated the frequency of these particles. This is not to say that these particles do not have a frequency. They do, and this will be explained later.
The other fact that seems to make their theory about the frequencies of those particles wrong is the logic of their electromagnetic spectrum. The lower frequencies up through the microwave range can be produced by oscillating matter in this dimension at various frequencies. At some higher point in these frequencies, the matter no longer appears in this dimension; it appears to us as light. What de Broglie is trying to convince us is that after this piece of matter has left this dimension and is strictly a wave form, it then comes back again as a piece of matter called X-ray, gamma ray, and cosmic ray particles. How do they explain how a object can first be here at a lower frequency, disappear to become light, then come back in this dimension at an even higher frequency as a particle? Even to the laymen this sounds illogical. Scientists are going to have to decide that the X-ray, gamma, and cosmic rays are either only wave forms or only particles. According to our Theory of Multidimensional Reality, these rays really belong just below the infrared spectrum. They are just below the stage where an atom has so much potential that it is able to leave this dimension and go to the first dimension (appear as light).
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The Bohr Model of The Atom
Most of us have been taught this theory in school at one time or another. It is simple and works well for chemists, so they can understand what they are doing. This does not mean that it is correct. It just means that it works in a small frame of reference. Several changes have been made by scientists since its introduction, but the theory remains fundamentally the same. The following is a brief description of the theory including some of the changes made to it. This description is to familiarize you with current theory before we explain our theory, which is completely different. With our theory we were able to explain all phenomena of nuclear physics, simply by using the one basic theory.
The Bohr model of the atom starts as a solar-system type conceptualization of the atom. The center of the atom, which possesses all the mass, is called the nucleus; it is made up of protons (positive charge) and neutrons (no charge). The electrons (negative charge) circle the nucleus balancing the charge of the protons. The atomic number of the element is equal to the value of the charge. Bohr’s theory had to be able to describe the light spectrums of different elements. He did this by borrowing from Planck’s theory that energy is emitted in quantums. Bohr theorized that the electrons were confined to orbits a given distance from the nucleus. As the electrons “jump” from orbit to orbit, they will emit or absorb energy only in single quantum units (h x f). This he felt would explain the discrete spectral lines of each element, but it also meant that the electron would jump instantaneously from one orbit to another and would never occupy any position in between. In other words, the instant it disappeared from one orbit, it would appear in the other orbit. This implies another dimension. His theory was considered a success because it was able to explain the spectral lines of hydrogen. It could also be used to predict the spectral lines of other elements up to element lithium (atom number 3).
The original Bohr model was later revised because it had three failings: 1) it could not account for the intensity of the spectral lines or the occurrence of some spectral lines that were actually two lines very close together; 2) it could not be used to deal quantitatively with elements with more electrons than lithium, and
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3) other scientists considered his theory awkward and “ad hoc” because it could not be related to other basic theories of physics.
The next improvement of the Bohr model was done by de Broglie. He applied the idea that the electron traveled around the nucleus in a wave-like path, similar to the concept of a standing wave (Figure 5.4). This idea was supposed to explain the different quantum states of the electron, since the circumference of the orbit would automatically correlate with the energy level of the electron. This was because a standing wave cannot collapse into a smaller orbit, because a fraction of a standing wave is impossible.
Figure 5.4 Standing wave conception of an electron ring
There is one very big problem with this theory. As you will notice in Figure 5.5, at Point A, the electron has a greater attraction to the nucleus than at Point B. You must ask yourself the question: what is causing the electron “particle” to form this wave form? Since acceptable scientific theory holds that the electron is a particle, what then is acting on the electron to increase or decrease its velocity around the atom, or what is varying its attraction to the nucleus? What is increasing or decreasing its potential? When you try to analyze these questions, you come to the realization that the nucleus is the only thing that could be affecting this orbit. So now we have the problem of explaining why the nucleus is oscillating, thereby increasing and decreasing its attraction on the electron “particle.” At this point, our current theories of physics fall apart because there is no way of explaining what external force could be making the electron oscillate.
The mathematician-physicist, Erwin Schroedinger, elaborated on de Broglie’s standing wave idea by coming up with his psifunction
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Figure 5.5 Vector analysis of the standing wave concept
y = Ö2/L x e -(2/h) En it sin n ·x/L i = the imaginary quantity Ö-l
The one problem with the equation was that it had no counterpart in physical reality. He did succeed in describing a “matter wave,” as called for in de Broglie’s theory; but in order to accomplish this his equation had to have the imaginary value of the Ö-1. Usually in math equations with such imaginary numbers, the imaginaries disappear toward the end of the calculations. But in Schroedinger’s equation, the Ö-1 enters as an intregal part of the expression and cannot be eliminated. The conclusion of his equation is that the electron must be in the first dimension. (5-p64) Mathematicians later squared the imaginary quantity, thereby giving the resultant as being the probability of finding the electron at any position X. You will see next that Schroedinger’s original equation best describes what is really going on.
Per our theory of existence, the information for an atom exists in the first dimension. The information is made up of a variety of
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frequencies varying in number from approximately 10 (for hydrogen) to possibly as many as 100 different frequencies making up the heavier elements. This idea of multiple frequencies is born out by the series of spectral lines produced by all the elements. Each element has its own distinct set of frequencies that can be easily observed in light spectrum analysis. This topic was mentioned in the previous chapter on light. This is not to say that the frequencies we observe in the light spectrums are the frequencies at which these elements are being modulated into our existence. The spectral series we see are higher frequency harmonics of the initial modulated frequency. Each series, as mentioned in the last chapter, represents a higher potential state of that element. We do not know at what frequency the elements are originally being modulated into our existence, but we feel it would be found above 1,000 GeHz. to 2,500 GeHz.
When the initial series of frequencies modulate into this dimension, they will form a modulation point similar to the point described in the third chapter. The analogy is exactly the same. Whether the atom has a surface is almost unimportant. We do know from electron photographs of the atom, taken by the University of Chicago, that when even a small number of atoms collect together they start forming geometrical shapes. (6) These shapes represent their crystal forms. This subject will be covered in the chapter on crystals.
In our theory, the problem of deciding whether and how the electrons around the atom take certain specific orbits, or what their energy levels are, becomes irrelevant. The electron cloud, if we are to call it an electron, has been observed in the most recent electron photographs of the atom. This subject will be covered later, but for now we will say that the electron clouds observed do not resemble anything close to the Bohr model of the atom. What we theorize this “electron cloud” to be, is wave groups formed by the different frequencies that make up the proton. This wave group forms 360’ around the surface of the atom. It is exactly like the D, E, Fl , and F. ionospheric layers above the earth. This means that the wave group will automatically adjust itself for the energy level at which the atom is to be found. It is also unimportant to think of it as any type of orbiting particle. It exists because it is a function of the frequencies making up that element. It would have the equivalent of a negative charge; but since it is a
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wave group that is produced by the atom, that means that this wave group really never changes. It doesn’t give up what scientists call electrons. The electron “particle” is produced when the wave groups of two atoms cross each other. When this happens a standing wave is produced, thereby causing a voltage difference between the two wave group frequencies. This in turn, we theorize, will form a small domain of potential which in turn we call an electron. We will go on to explain some other conditions of the atoms using our theory.
Radioactivity
One of the laws which we believe is present in our reality is that the diehold will not permit too much information entering a certain given space and time. This principle seems to hold true for the atoms as well as for large celestial bodies. It seems that as the information for an object increases, it becomes more and more unstable. This instability can be further enhanced if some of the frequencies that make up that element are dissonant to each other.
As most people know U235 will eventually degrade to a more stable element, always of much less combined atomic weight. These elements are barium and krypton. Their combined atomic weights are 221.14. The atomic weight difference between the U235 and the barium and krypton is 13.86, the difference being made up by 1 to 3 neutrons and various photons. This is a more traditional explanation to what is happening during the decay of U235 Our explanation is that when the potential of U235 is increased sufficiently over the binding forces of the nucleus (7.5 MeV), the uranium atom can no longer exist in this dimension. The result is that the diehold replaces the information of the uranium with the information of the barium and krypton. The neutrons that are produced will be discussed a little later, when we cover sub-atomic particles.
A brief description of the binding forces is necessary now. As mentioned earlier, iron, cobalt, and nickel have the greatest binding forces of their nuclei (8.8 MeV). This means that it takes more energy to break up these elements than any of the other elements with greater atomic weight. This binding force goes down to 7.5 MeV for uranium and other very large unstable elements. The
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potential could be added in two ways: the easiest way is by using a great number of electrons. These domains of potential would be absorbed by the atom, thereby increasing the atom’s potential. The other method used is by accelerating an alpha particle at the atom. The key to the amount of potential these “particles” possess is in their velocity. As discussed in the chapter on light, if the velocity increases, you are actually increasing the potential of that object. This will be true for the alpha particles, which are protons. Regarding the neutron, this is not completely accurate, since the neutron, we theorize, is not really in this dimension. The atom will increase its potential by absorbing the frequencies of the particle or wave form that strikes it. This is proven by two types of collision phenomena that have been observed. One type is called an elastic-type collision, where the particle does not lose any of its potential energy when it comes in close proximity with a nucleus. But a considerable number of collisions are inelastic, which means the energy represented in that particle or wave form is absorbed by the nucleus. (2-p505) These inelastic-type “collisions” are the type that increase the potential of the atom. They come about because the frequency of the wave form or “particle” is either the same frequency or a close harmonic of it. This means that the nucleus absorbs the other frequency and amplifies its own. The result is that the atom starts giving off a higher series of frequencies. If its potential is raised high enough, we see it merely as a light spectrum. In the same line of thought, it seems possible that if the atom only takes in a small amount of energy and produces a first or second harmonic above its original frequency, this could account for unstable radioactive isotopes of various elements.
The idea that an electron has a frequency may not seem logical because electrons can be produced by any number of different elements passing each other. How then can an electron have a unique frequency related to it? Per our theory, if everything in the universe exists in a computer-like structure, the electrons (domains of potential) would have the same frequency as the carrier wave of the diehold. This is not to exclude the possibility of the electron having other frequencies. This idea was proved by Willis Lamb and E. Retherford. Their experiment was to see if there was a resonant frequency to a flow of electrons being created by a stream of atoms. They found that the resonant frequency of the electrons was 1.05777 GeHZ. (1-pl47) Another resonant frequency was
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detected at 3.095 GeV. (4-p56) Scientists attribute this to what they call “vacuum polarization” (whatever that is). Actually what they have discovered is one of the lower harmonics of the frequency of the electron.
Subatomic Particles
The field of subatomic particles is one of the most complex, complicated, and confusing of all the fields of physics. It is even confusing to the physicists who are attempting to make some sense of the over 300 subatomic particles they have discovered. The confusion stems from the fact that they are pursuing an incorrect philosophy. The scientists even have great difficulty in trying to incorporate the Theory of Relativity with their observations of these subatomic particles. To quote Professor Sir Harrie Massey from the University of London:
“The underlying significance of the four types of interaction still escapes us but a great deal of thought is being devoted to these basic questions, particularly in relation to the new conservation laws which seem to be valid. Conservation of energy, momentum and angular momentum can be related to the properties of the space-time of special relativity but it is difficult to see how to include baryon number, strangeness and lepton number as well. The existence of these further laws indicates a deeper underlying symmetry in Nature which we have not yet appreciated. We are at a most interesting state-major clariflcation with deeper understanding may come at any time.” (1-p269)
Our opinion is that with their present theories of existence, his “deeper understanding” will never come. At the time Professor Massey wrote his book in 1966, there were about 35 of these “particles” discovered. Today there are over 300. We will now attempt to make some sense out of all these subatomic “particles.” We will cover only the major particles, but it would not be difficult to apply our theory further to understand what are the rest of these subatomic particles.
The reason scientists pursued the field of subatomic particles is because they felt they would be getting some insight into the material that made up each individual atom. They should have realized, after they started discovering so many of these little
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“particles,” that they were being lead down a dead-end, primrose path. One of the first observations we have to make is that all subatomic particles decay to more stable elements, such as proton, or to light. As you know from the previous chapter, when you see light, you are seeing the information of an object leaving this dimension. We will now go through some of the particles that are listed in Figure 5.6. The first one is the proton (the atom). It is probably the only one that does exist in this dimension. The information for its existence could be visualized as being transmitted in the form of a sine wave or it could be in the form of pulse modulation. In Figure 5.7, you can observe a sinusoidal representation of this frequency. H represents the magnetic information of the proton entering this dimension; E represents the electrostatic information of this dimension. The electrostatic part is what we perceive. This means that E would really be the image of the atom existing in this dimension. H represents the neutron, which naturally has no charge. As you can see by the sinusoidal wave, at certain times it is possible to observe a negative proton or a positive neutron. The reason it appears to us that the proton and the neutron are separate entities is that the frequency that makes up the atom is oscillating so fast we see the E and H vectors simultaneously. If we perceive just the peaks of these sinusoidal curves, it would appear that they are two separate entities; but in reality we are looking at the information making up only one proton. This idea is further proved by the mass differences between the proton and the neutron. The proton weighs 2.53 units less than the neutron. This difference, we theorize, is due either to the carrier wave frequency or to one of the clocking frequencies. The 2.53 units is greater than the corresponding weight difference of the electron, which is supposed to balance the proton and neutron. This has always been a phenomenon in physics. The other fact that proves this point is that the life-time of a neutron is 1010 seconds before it decays to another proton with its corresponding electron and one neutrino. The reason the mean life-time is so long for a neutron is because it is just the magnetic information of the atom. But its potential has been raised so high that it has caused its frequencies to produce higher harmonics. It will not modulate back into our existence, as an atom or proton, until it has lost this excess potential. The neutrino is defined in physics as having no mass and no charge. In other words, it isn’t in this dimension,
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Mass Lifetime Most
Probable
Symbol Particle (MeV) (Secs) Decay Products
p Proton 938.26 Stable
Mass
in electron mass = 1836.12
n Neutron 939.55 1010 p
+ e- + V
Mass in electron mass = 1838.65
e- Electron .551 Stable -
Mass in electron mass = 1
e + Positron .551 Stable -
v Neutrino -0- Stable -
‘Y Photon -0- Stable -
p
+ Muon 105.66 2.22 x 10-6 e+
+ V + -V
· 6
Muon 105.66 2.22
x 10 e- + v + v
7r+ Pions 139.6 2.54 x 10-8 p
+ + V
7T- Pions 139.6 2.54
x 10-8 il- + V
7ro Pions 135.0 l x 10-16 2,y
or y + e+ e-
K+ Kaons 493.8 1.2 x 10-8 ll + + v (63%);
7T+
+ 7TO (21%);
27r+
+ 7r- (5%)
K- Kaons 493.8 1.2 x 10-8 ii- + v (63%);
7r-
+ 7r’ (21%); 27r- + 7r+
K lo Kaons 497.8 10-10 1T+ + 7r- (